There is no evidence that strong fiscal rules have had an impact on whether Spanish regions meet their deficit targets, a working paper from the Bank of Spain argues.

In On the determinants of fiscal non-compliance: an empirical analysis of Spain's regions, the authors examine the record of Spain's "autonomous communities", or regions, over the 2002–15 period.

The authors outline "an empirical framework that distinguishes between voluntary and involuntary compliance with fiscal deficit targets