Regulators are a long way from being able to track the risks of shadow banking and may never be able to do so perfectly, according to Andreas Dombret, a member of the six-strong board of the Deutsche Bundesbank.

"We are miles away from being able to monitor this shadow banking risk. We are very much trying to monitor it through many initiatives, but we are not there yet," he said.

In an interview with Risk, Dombret acknowledged banks face higher costs as a result of post-crisis regulation and