One of Bank Negara Malaysia's deputy governors, Muhammad bin Ibrahim, shared the "five broad principles" underpinning the central bank's macro-prudential policies last week – noting the place for "constructive ambiguity" in its communications.

Speaking to other central bankers at a meeting of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Member Countries, Ibrahim stressed the "crucial" need for effective communication.

This means honouring the "4Cs" – messages must be clear, concise, consistent and