How Singapore manages its reserves
Foreword
The cashless society?
Executive summary
Trends in reserve management: 2019 survey results
Implementing a corporate bond portfolio: lessons learned at the NBP
Sovereigns and ESG: Is there value in virtue?
A methodology to measure and monitor liquidity risk in foreign reserves portfolios
Reserve management: A governor’s eye view
How Singapore manages its reserves
Appendix 1: Survey questionnaire
Appendix 2: Survey responses and comments
Appendix 3: Reserve statistics
Singapore has official foreign reserves (OFR) of almost $300 billion.11 All $ figures in this chapter refer to US dollars unless otherwise stated. In absolute terms, this is the 11th highest stock of OFR in the world, and as a percentage of GDP, and on a per capita basis, it is the third highest in the world, see Figure 6.1 below. Singapore’s OFR sit on the balance sheet of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), the central bank and integrated financial regulator.
Besides the OFR, there are two other pots of national reserves in Singapore. The
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