A working paper published by the Banque de France looks at the impact of new banking regulations on small and large firms' access to funding.

Olivier de Bandt and Mohammed Chahad's A DGSE model to assess the post-crisis regulation of universal banks incorporates both a real and a financial sector.

In the model, universal banks grant credit and also invest in corporate and sovereign bonds. Small companies finance themselves through bank loans, while larger companies are financed through a mixture