Research published by the International Monetary Fund finds that despite the fact that negative shocks have persistent effects on output on average, the time it takes to recover from recessions can be influenced by macroeconomic policies and the structure of the economy, which can also lessen the persistence of the shock.

Monetary and fiscal stimulus, and foreign aid can in fact lead to a rebound, whose impacts are asymmetrically stronger than in non-recovery years. Asymmetric growth effects in