Optimal reserve levels in emerging markets

The International Monetary Fund Working Paper "The optimal level of international reserves for emerging market countries: Formulas and applications" presents a model of the optimal level of international reserves for a small open economy that is vulnerable to sudden stops in capital flows.

Reserves allow the country to smooth domestic absorption in response to sudden stops, but yield a lower return than the interest rate on the country's long-term debt. We derive a formula for the optimal level

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Geoeconomic reserve management

The world order is evolving. Whether, and how, the international economy remains integrated or shifts into spheres of influence has consequences for central bank policy and reserve management.

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